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Hassan 'Abd Allah al-Turabi〔الدكتور حسن عبد الله الترابي ''ad-Duktūr Ḥasan 'Abd Allāh at-Turābī'' in Arabic), commonly called Hassan al-Turabi (sometimes transliterated Hassan al-Tourabi) (حسن الترابي).〕 (born c.1932 in Kassala) is a religious and Islamist political leader in Sudan. He has been called "one of the most influential figures in modern Sudanese politics",〔 and a "longtime hard-line ideological leader".〔The Appendix of the ''9/11 Commission Report''〕 In particular he may have been instrumental in institutionalizing sharia Islamic law in the northern part of the country. He has been frequently imprisoned in Sudan, but these "periods of detention" have been "interspersed with periods of high political office".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/sudan/turabi.htm )〕 Al-Turabi was leader of what was called the National Islamic Front (NIF) (which changed its name to National Congress in the late 1990s), a political movement that developed considerable political power in Sudan while never obtaining significant popularity among Sudanese voters. It embraced a "top down" approach to Islamisation of placing party members in high posts in the government and security services. Turabi and the NIF reached the peak of their power from 1989 following a military coup d'état, until 2001, as what observers have called "the power behind the throne",〔 head of the only Sunni Islamist movement to take state control of a state. Turabi oversaw highly controversial policies such as the creation of the "NIF police state" and associated NIF militias which consolidated Islamist power and prevented a popular uprising, but reportedly committed many human rights abuses, including "summary executions, torture, ill treatment, arbitrary detentions, denial of freedoms of speech, assembly, and religion, and violations of the rules of war, particularly in the south".〔 Turabi was a leader of opposition to the American-Saudi "coalition forces" in the Gulf War, establishing in 1990-1 the Popular Arab and Islamic Congress (PAIC), a regional umbrella for political Islamist militants, headquartered in Khartoum.〔 After 1996, al-Turabi and his party's "internationalist and ideological wing" saw a decline in influence in favor of more pragmatic leaders, brought on by the imposition of UN sanctions on Sudan in punishment for Sudan's assistance to Egyptian terrorists in their attempt to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. As of 2015 Turabi and the NIF's fortunes have waned. Sudan has lost at least a third of its land and nearly all its oil fields as a result of the cession of South Sudan, and Turabi is out of power leading a splinter group of the National Congress known as the Popular (or People's) National Congress.〔 His most recent imprisonment was 17 January 2011 for nine days, following civil unrest across the Maghreb.〔Chris Stefanowicz, (Crackdown in Khartoum: as Jasmine Filters down the Nile, al-Turabi is Arrested Again. ) (Think Africa Press ). 24.01.2011〕 ==Early life and education== Turabi was born in 1932 in Kassala, northern Sudan, to a Sufi Muslim sheikh and received an Islamic education, before coming to Khartoum in 1951 to study law and joined the Muslim Brotherhood as a student.〔(Profile and Biography Hassan al-Turabi )〕 He graduated from Khartoum University School of Law and also studied in London and at the Sorbonne in Paris, where he gained a PhD.〔 He became a leader of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood in the early 1960s.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hrw.org/legacy/press/2002/03/turabi-bio.htm )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hassan al-Turabi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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